Wednesday, July 31, 2019

Computer Generations Essay

The IC (Integrated Circuits) technology was used in third-generation computers. In a small IC chip (5 mm square size) a circuit is designed having large number of electronic components like transistors, capacitors, diodes, resistors etc. Initially, an IC contained only about ten to twenty components. Thus the IC technology was named as Small Scale Integration (SSI). The third-generation was based on IC technology and the computers were designed using this technology. IBM 370, PDP 11 are among examples. Advantages The main advantages of third-generation as compared to previous generations of computers were: Smaller in size Production cost was low Many input/output devices were introduced such as mouse and keyboard etc. Very fast in computational power More reliable Low power consumption Maintenance cost was low because failure rate of hardware was very low. Easily portable Easy to operate Upgraded easily Totally general purpose. Widely used for various commercial applications all over the world Lower heat generated Magnetic disk used for external storage More storage capacity High-level languages were commonly used Disadvantages The main disadvantages of third-generation computers were: Air-conditioning required. Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturer chips. 4. Fourth Generation Computers (1971 to Present) Microprocessors The microchip technology was introduced in this generation of computers. With the advancement in IC technology, LSI (Large Scale Integration) chips were developed. It was possible to integrate over 30,000 or more components on to single LSI chip. After LSI, the VLSI (Very Large Scale Integration) was developed and the development of microprocessor possible. It is expected that more than one million components will be integrated on a single chip of VLSI. Using VLSI technology, the entire CPU is designed on a single silicon chip. The use of microprocessor as CPU introduced another class of computers called the microcomputers. Thus fourth-generation may be called Microcomputer generation. The Intel 4004 chip was the first microprocessor. In 1981, IBM introduced the first computer for home use. In 1984, Apple introduced the Macintosh. Advantages The advantages of fourth-generation as compared to previous generation computers are: Smallest in size because of high component density. Production cost is very low Very reliable Hardware failure is negligible and hence minimal maintenance is required. Easily portable because of their small size Totally general purpose Air conditioning is not compulsory Very high processing speed Very large internal and external storage capacity Used advanced input & output devices such as optical readers, laser printers, CD-ROM/DVD-ROM drives etc. Heat generated is negligible Minimal labour and cost involved at assembly stage Disadvantages The main disadvantages of fourth-generation computers are: Highly sophisticated technology required for the manufacturer of microprocessor chips 5. Fifth Generation Computers (In process) Artificial Intelligence The main drawback of first to fourth generation computers is that the computers have not their own thinking power. These are totally depending upon the instructions given by the users. Computer devices with artificial intelligence are still in development, but some of these technologies are beginning to emerge and be used such as voice recognition. AIl is a reality made possible by using parallel processing and superconductors. Leaning to the future, computers will be radically transformed again by quantum computation, molecular and anon technology. Fifth generation computers are supposed to be the ideal computers, but do not exist. The scientists are working to design such computers that will have the following features: Having their own thinking power Making decisions themselves Having capabilities of learning Having capabilities of reasoning Having large capacity of internal storage Having extra high processing speed Having capabilities of parallel processing In these computers following technologies will be used: ULSIC (Ultra Large Scale Integrated Circuits) technology Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology also called the knowledge Processor. The AI means automatic programs that let the machines to think and decide themselves. The programming languages LISP (List Processor) and PROLOG (Programming with Logic) are used for artificial intelligence. The scientists at ICOT in Japan use the PROLOG to develop the Artificial Intelligence software.

Tuesday, July 30, 2019

Marketing the public libraries

This website bases its maps from the surveys conducted by the 2005 American community survey (http://www. nkca. ucla. edu). It explains what the survey is about which is to collect housing, demographic and socioeconomic data. This is done from the US households. The website highlights the fact that the American Community Survey (ACS) replaced the decennial census. It also points out that the ACS is more advantageous than the decennial census because it is conducted every year instead of every ten years (http://www. nkca. ucla. edu).The website also makes known the year that ACS was implemented which is 2005. It goes ahead to name those who were involved in the pilot project that involved special tabulations of geographies. It also notes that the center for neighborhood knowledge ensures that the knowledge is availed to the public. It also highlights the uses of the data gotten by the ACS and this includes developing as well as refining policies and also programs, supplement the data gotten from other sources and also to help in identifying the needs of the community and also prioritizing these needs.ACS has a vision of working with the Bureau of the Census to annually update their information. Albright K. S. May/June 2004 ENVIROMENTAL SCANNING RADAR FOR SUCCESS Information Management Journal Summary In this journal, the writer starts off by noting the importance of success in any organization. Albright goes ahead to explain what environmental scanning is and why it is done. She identifies the relationship that is found among the environment, markets and strategic planning in an organization.Once an organization has looked into its internal environment, it then looks at the external environment. The writer goes ahead and gives the reasons for this environmental scanning which are to â€Å"focus on customers, suppliers and competitors and their intricate relationships†(Albright K. S. 2004). There is an explanation of how environmental scanning works. It co nducts a SWOT (Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats) analysis. This helps the organization in analyzing the community, which is the environment, and also helps it know how to advertise their services.The writer ends by identifying any barriers to effective environmental scanning. Marketing Plan 1. Kassel, A. 1999. How to Write a Marketing Plan (Vol. 13 no. 5). Retrieved on 13th Sept 2007 from http://infotoday. com/mls/jun99/how-to. htm Summary In this volume, Kassel identifies why the libraries have been forced to go for marketing in the effort to increase their amount of money they make and also their client base. This is because their biggest competitor is the Internet, which is deemed more convenient by students and researchers.The writer goes ahead to identify and outline seven steps that are necessary in the creation of a marketing plan. She outlines them in the following sequence: â€Å"prepare a mission statement, list and describe target or niche markets, descri be your services, spell out marketing and promotional strategies, identify and understand the competition, establish marketing goals that are quantifiable and finally monitor your results carefully†(http://infotoday. com).She goes ahead to give some tips and hints to those who are new to marketing. She urges them to concentrate on getting long-term customers, know why customers come back, to be focused on their targets and not waste their efforts with non-targets, to be persistent and prepared and finally to be never afraid of failure as it is bound to happen and when it does, the strategy used needs to be changed. The writer ends by assuming that this outline is actually a success plan. 2. Summey T.P If You Build it Will They Come? Creating a Marketing Plan for Distance Learning Library Services- 2004. The Haworth Press Inc. In this volume, Summey acknowledges the importance of people especially the distant students and also the â€Å"brand identity† which refers to a lot including services provided by the library in the expansion of library services people’s importance in the success of library services expansion (Summey, 2004). The writer goes ahead to explain what is a marketing plan and how it is created.The writer also identifies the objective of a marketing plan as being identification of marketing issues, development of goals and finally how to measure progress. The budget is also included in the plan; the plan is to consist of â€Å"the mission statement, library or community analysis, goals and objectives, marketing strategy and methods to evaluate results† (Summey, 2004). The plan is to begin with an executive summary, the table of content, a SEDT analysis, a description of the market, mission and vision, goals and objectives, implementation and finally assessment and evaluation.

Monday, July 29, 2019

Workplace Stress Management Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Workplace Stress Management - Essay Example The work is bound to eventually start suffering since employees become overworked. The agencies can become highly productive by setting up guidelines that underpin reasonable hours of work. It is imperative to allow employees to take requisite breaks and some time off. As such, they are bound to develop a tendency to deliver a higher work output (Girdano, Dusek & Everly 2005). Â  It is important to listen to employee feedback. In most law enforcement agencies, the employees are given a descriptive course of action to pursue by the high command, and as such act in strict confidence of their instruction without necessarily imparting their opinion. Most employees have the feeling that their supervisors have little value for their opinion. Taking the time to listen to employees and outrightly implementing changes that are bound to benefit them is an approach that will see a tremendous decrease in employees’ workplace stress levels since employees ascribe a sense of value attached to them. The employees can contribute to the prodigious success of the agencies which benefit in the long term by gaining a long-lasting workforce that is not bound to easily resign and result in high turnover.

Sunday, July 28, 2019

You can decide the topic whatever you want by those requirements I Essay - 8

You can decide the topic whatever you want by those requirements I posted - Essay Example Christo and Jeanne-Claude paintings are an excellent example of works of art that successfully exhibited this concept of time and motion. While most painting requires careful handling of the brush, Jackson Pollock approach was unique because he did not use a brush directly on canvas. It is interesting to look at how Pollock was able to bring out time and motion in his unique approach to painting. Diversion from the conventional way of painting helped Jackson Pollock tap into a new world of art. He fixed the canvas on the floor or wall, accessing it from four sides, he poured and dripped paint from a can manipulating it with sticks and knives (Serafini 63). As Pollock put it, having the canvas on the floor made it easy for him as he felt nearer and a part of the painting (Serafini 20). He was able to express his unconscious moods. It resulted in abstract expression through action painting often related to the surrealist theories (Serafini 63). Jackson Pollock ingeniously incorporated the property of time and motion in his works. Through pouring, dripping, flicking and spilling, Pollock was able to put the effects he intended on his paintings (Serafini 28). Considering his painting of 1952 named the Blue Poles, the element of motion and time is very pronounced. One sees how Pollock used his paintbrush to drop and flick paint on the canvas (Serafini 28). The movement of the brush and the flicking action is quite evident in the way the paint is splattered on the canvas. The concept of time and motion is capture in this movement seen on Pollock’s work. The Blue Poles is, therefore, a two-dimensional painting that has the aspect of motion and time presented. In visual arts, texture is a valuable element required for a successful work of art. Texture is the surface quality that is apparent on a piece of art work (Serafini 42). Identifiable through visual and physical qualities,

Saturday, July 27, 2019

Multiple Choice Exam Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Multiple Choice Exam - Essay Example 1998; Haines 2004; McDonald 2007). Throughout this essay, we will delineate the advantages and disadvantages of specific exam types and questions, and eventually, we will arrive at multiple choice examinations and consider why these exams are optimal for an assessment of knowledge and ability. The types of exams which can be employed to assess students are considerable: essay, short answer, practical, seen question, take-home vs. in-class, open-book, or oral examination are just a few (McDonald 2001). Each approach is accompanied by specific advantages and disadvantages which make them appropriate for particular situations. Essay exams, for example, assess not only the student's knowledge of a particular area, but also their ability to coherently formulate a written answer that is clear and direct, and it has the advantage that partial credit can be assigned based on the quality of the answer provided (McDonald 2001; (McDonald 2007). However, disadvantages include that scoring of essay exams can often be obfuscated by subjectivity in determining what qualifies as a correct answer and how many points may be subsequently awarded. Students with poor writing skills, who are as knowledgeable as their peers, may be penalized more severely in their responses due to grammatical a nd syntactical deficiencies in their writing which are unrelated to their knowledge of the particular question (McDonald 2001; (Haines 2004). As such, it is especially important to consider these advantages and disadvantages when selecting the type of exam which will be utilized. In the past few decades, in part because of technological advances that have made grading less demanding, multiple choice exams have come into favor in a wide range of academic and non-academic settings (Merritt 2006). We will consider the advantages and disadvantages of multiple choice exams and how they may be employed in later sections. TYPES OF EXAM QUESTIONS While the wide-variety of exam types might suggest there is an even greater amount of questions, this actually proves not to be the case. In fact, exam questions can be distilled down into two disparate types: open-ended and closed-ended. Open-ended exam questions provide a question or statement and demand the test-taker to answer the question by drawing upon their own knowledge (Genesee & Upshur 1996). Open-ended questions require an ability to identify what the question is asking and develop an articulate answer that satisfies all the requirements of that question (Genesee & Upshur 1996). Essay, short answer, and "fill-in-the-blank" type questions are all examples of open-ended questions. Problems with these types of questions can be subjectivity and lengthiness in the grading process. However, they are advantageous in that they require a nuanced ability to produce a coherent and appropriate answer from one's own knowledge (McDonald 2001). Closed-ended questions, unlike open-ended questions, do not require the test-taker to extract the answer solely from previous knowledge; rather, closed-ended questions provide a pre-existing set of potential answers in addition to the question being asked (Genesee & Upshur 1996). Since all students select from a set of preordained answers, the tests are ostensibly more objective

Friday, July 26, 2019

Financial Statement Analysis Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Financial Statement Analysis - Essay Example The companies selected for this by this essay for this analysis are the Nishat Mills Limited and the Crescent Textile Mills Limited. The incorporation of Crescent Textile Mills Limited as a public limited company was done in 1950 in Pakistan under the Companies Act of 1913. It is headquartered in Sargodha Road, Faisalabad. Its business is to textile manufacturing and includes spinning, combing, dyeing, bleaching, printing, weaving, stitching, selling buying, and otherwise dealing in cloth, yarn and other products and fabrics made from raw cotton as well as synthetic fibers (The Financial Times Ltd, 2015). In addition, it generates, accumulates, distributes, supplies and sells electricity. The Crescent Textile Mills Limited also operates a cold storage unit (Crescent Textile Mills Limited, 2013, p. 37). As a publicly listed company, Nishat Mills Limited was also incorporated in Pakistan in 1959 under the Companies Act of 1913 (Nishat Mills Ltd, 2013, p. 54). It is a vertically integrated company and just like Crescent Textile Mills Limited, its business involves textile manufacturing, spinning, combing, weaving, dyeing, printing, stitching, bleaching, apparel, buying, selling, dealing in yarn, cloth, linen, and other products and fabrics made from synthetic fiber and raw cotton. It also generates, accumulates, distributes, supplies and sells electricity (The Financial Times Ltd, 2015). Trend analysis is done by conducting horizontal and vertical analysis. The horizontal analysis is performed to focus on the trends or changes in financial statement items. The management and other users of financial information can see the relative changes over time in terms of positive and perhaps troubling trends (Putra, 2009). In performing this analysis, absolute amount as well as percentages is used to compare financial statements over several time periods