Decision Support for Best Practices Lessons Learned

Decision support for best practices: Lessons learned on bridging the gap between research and applied pratice. Today, everyone is looking at best practices for developing a system or making the right choice in acquiring system components. If the right best practices are applied, they help to avoid common problems and improve quality, cost, or both. However, finding and selecting an appropriate best practice is not always an easy endeavor. In most cases guidance, based on sound experience, is missing; often the best practice is too new, still under study, or the existing experiences do not fit the user's context.This article reports on a program that tries to bridge the gap between rigorous  empirical research  and practical needs for guiding practitioners in selecting appropriate best practices. ********** Many program managers would agree that using time-tested â€Å"Best Practices† can help to avoid common problems and increase the quality of a system, reduce development cost, or both. For instance, in a short survey at the 2004 Conference on the Acquisition of Software-Intensive Systems, 48 senior systems and software managers supported the use of Best Practices.However, the same survey indicated that it is hard to find such Best Practices. The survey identified the following reasons for this problem: * Best practices often do not exist (i. e. , they have not been publicly documented), * People do not know of a certain best practice, or * Best practices are not easily accessible (i. e. , there is no central place to look for best practices). The last point matches a more general study by the Delphi Group in which more than 65 percent of the interviewees agreed that finding the right nformation to do their job is difficult (Delphi, 2002). Further research conducted by the U. S. Department of Defense (DoD) concluded that barriers for the adoption of best practices included: * the lack of selection criteria among practices within cost-constrained pro grams, * the lack of confidence in the value of such practices by the program offices, and * the inability to relate practices to the risks and issues programs were facing. In summary, recognizing good practices and  disseminating  them to the workforce seems to be a key issue.To address these issues the DoD Acquisition Best Practices Clearinghouse (BPCh) program, sponsored by several offices of the DoD (DS,  ARA, National Information Infrastructure [NII], and Defense Procurement ; Acquisition Policy [DPAP]), was initiated in 2003 (Dangle, Dwinnell, Hickok ; Turner, 2005). The Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Engineering, Maryland (FC-MD) was chosen to develop the initial â€Å"proof of concept† for a system to document, evaluate, and  disseminate  Best Practices.In collaboration with other organizations within the DoD and industry (including  Northrop Grumman  IT, the Computer Sciences Corporation [CSC], and the Systems and Software Consortium [SSCI] ), a prototype system has been built and piloted. It is currently operated and hosted by the Defense Acquisition University (DAU). THE VISION FOR APPLYING BEST PRACTICES The DoD vision for the BPCh initiative is to provide more than just a list of Best Practices. It is to provide an integrated set of processes, tools, and resources which will enable information seekers to identify emerging or ell-proven practices that have been implemented and proven effective. Practices in the BPCh serve as an information resource to individuals  looking for  ideas on how to improve quality and become more effective in their job. Clearly, the vision of the BPCh is not to create another â€Å"data cemetery,† but to develop an information-sharing network around the BPCh repository which will foster relationships between individuals within DoD and also partnerships between DoD and industry leaders.The following types of questions illustrate usage examples: * â€Å"I just heard about accele rated life testing. Where can I find out if it's useful or just hype? † * â€Å"They've just shortened my testing schedule by 30 percent. Are there any practices that can help me better handle that kind of schedule compression? † * â€Å"I want to add inspections to my quality process. Is it worth the cost and if so, what's a good first step? Is there someone I can contact in case of any difficulties? * â€Å"I've taken over an acquisition program just before Critical Design Review (CDR). What practices should I look for in my contractors? † * â€Å"I'm in charge of defining a training course as part of the  continuing education  program for quality improvements. What are state-of-the-art or emerging practices that should be addressed? † The BPCh has been designed with the understanding that a single practice can never be a â€Å"silver bullet† for each and every project/program.This is because some practices may only be useful or beneficial in certain contexts while failing to produce the desired results in others. For example, practices that are absolutely necessary for large, mission critical projects may be too heavyweight for  rapid prototyping  or Web application development. Practices that work well when the development team is located in the same room may not always scale well when the team is distributed across the country. Clearly, there exists no one â€Å"best† answer. Practices that are best for one user might not be best for the next.Therefore, the BPCh tool responds to user queries with a list of practices rated by how well they fit the project characteristics of the user making the query. The presented selection is compiled using the experience other users have had implementing the practice in a similar context. High-quality evidence about a practice is collected and reported with any necessary caveats, so that information seekers have a sound basis for making up their own minds given their need s. APPLYING TECHNOLOGY TO DELIVER BEST PRACTICESTo develop the BPCh tool, we applied FC-MD's EMPEROR approach (Experience Management Portal using Empirical Results as Organizational Resources). This approach makes use of all kinds of available  evidential  data from research and industry, analyzes and packages it, and disseminates it through a Web-based Experience Base. The EMPEROR is based on the experience factory approach, developed by Basili, Caldiera, and Rombach (1994), which has been successfully employed to facilitate  organizational learning  at  NASA  (Basili, et al. 1995), DaimlerChrysler (Schneider & Schwinn, 2001), and elsewhere in  North America, Europe, and Australia (Koennecker, Jeffery, & Low, 2000; Mendonca,  Seaman, Basili, & Kim, 2001). An experience factory provides a way to analyze results based on practical experience, and package what is learned into an Experience Base for new users of the organization to find and apply. Since the users of the BPCh come from a wide variety of organizations and programs, any Experience Base will have difficulties in addressing all user needs.To mitigate this problem, EMPEROR is required to: (a) provide transparency to users, so that they can understand the analysis process and the sources of experience and make up their own minds; (b) rate the â€Å"trustability† of each of the used sources, so that users can judge the degree of confidence they have in the information provided; and (c) provide a completeness and maturity indicator of the practice information taken as a whole, that is, to perform a self-rating based on how much and what quality evidence can be offered. DATA STRUCTURE OF A BPCH PRACTICEThese sections describe how these requirements are implemented in the case of the BPCh. In the BPCh, each practice has one associated Practice Record, containing information about the practice and what is available in the Clearinghouse, and zero to many Evidence Profiles, each of which contains a summary of a single organization's experience using the practice. A Practice Record consists of: 1. A Practice Detail block, which contains information such as the practice name, a short description, and the completeness and maturity indicator for the experience package. . A Practice Summary block, which synthesizes all available evidence data and describes possible application contexts for the practice based on a set of characterizing attributes. This part of the practice record thereby allows different users (i. e. , organizations) to make use of the practice. An Evidence Profile contains an example or report of some type of program that has used this practice, how they applied it, and what results were obtained.Each Evidence Profile contains the same set of context and result fields as the Practice Summary block, except that the information recorded in each field will describe only what has been observed in the given context of the particular piece of evidence. In add ition, the data structure of an Evidence Profile contains a field for documenting its classification of the trustability. TRUSTABILITY OF A SINGLE SOURCE OF EVIDENCE A 20-point scale rates the trustability of each Evidence Profile.A rating of l indicates an  anecdotal  or informal experience; a rating of 20 indicates that the results of applying the practice are rigorously measured and substantiated. Points are based on the following four dimensions: * how the practice was applied, ranging from a single pilot study to use on multiple real projects; * how the results were measured, ranging from an educated guess to a rigorous measurement program; * how the evidence was reported, ranging from an informal  anecdote  to a peerreviewed publication; and who reported the evidence, ranging from a second-hand report to someone directly involved on the team. More information on the rating scale can be found on the BPCh page of the Acquisition Community Connection of DAU (https://acc. dau. mil/bpch). MATURITY OF A PRACTICE RECORD A 4-point scale is used to rate each Practice Record to quickly inform the user of how much, and what type of, information is known about the practice. As required by EMPEROR, this scale focuses on the quality of the overall accumulated information that is available for a practice (i. e. the  synthesized  and packaged information in the Practice Record). Based on the available information we describe the practice maturity as: * No status assigned/Initial entry: A new Practice Record is initially entered into the BPCh when it is nominated by our experts and/or user communities. Typically at this time, only some of the fields in the Practice Detail block are filled in and no Evidence Profiles are available. * Bronze status/Awareness raised: As soon as any evidence becomes available (i. e. , an Evidence Profile has been linked to the Practice Record), the status is set to Bronze Level.For users, the Bronze Level status indicates that th e practice has been nominated by our experts and user communities, and received a preliminary check for applicability. * Silver status/Evaluation performed: When a sufficient set of Evidence Profiles is available, the BPCh experts will fill in the Practice Summary block and the status is set to Silver Level. For users, the Silver Level status indicates that the practice has been selected as promising enough to commission experts in the area to summarize key information.Users can see at a glance what they should know. * Gold status/Continuously maintained: When the summary has been further evaluated (i. e. , vetted) by experts from industry, academia, and government, the status is set to Gold Level. For users, the Gold Level status indicates that the practice has been through a rigorous analysis by a committee of experts in the practice itself as well as by user representatives. Information on Gold Level practices contains the best and widest-ranging experiences we can find. CONTENT STATUS OF THE BPCHWe have been piloting BPCh processes and tools by seeding initial content. At this point the BPCh contains 51 practices at all levels of maturity. Practices that have progressed to Gold Level are those, like inspection/technical review, which have a long history of published industrial experience. Many practices of interest in the area of systems and software acquisition have few documented sources of evidence or experience. Therefore, we are testing different processes for eliciting information from the workforce.Based on the recommendations of our User Advisory Group, the following types of practices are currently our top-priority areas for additional content: *  Earned Value Management, * Risk Management, * Information Assurance, and * Spiral Development Process. We hope that visitors to the BPCh tool will try out the offered features for providing short stories about their own experience with practices in these (or any other) areas. We encourage you to provid e feedback as to whether you agree or  disagree with  the existing experiences that have been entered, or thoughts on our BPCh tool in general.LESSONS LEARNED Based on our experience with the BPCh program and other knowledgemanagement projects, we can formulate some observations which make useful rules of thumb for good practices to build such systems. The BPCh program has been organized along three parallel (but interconnected) tracks, which reflects our first lesson learned. LESSON 1: PROCEED IN MULTIPLE DIRECTIONS SIMULTANEOUSLY Progress in building a knowledge repository needs to proceed in multiple dimensions simultaneously: content collection, tool development, and outreach.Although there is often a temptation to view these as tasks that can be done sequentially (e. g. , first the tool will be built, then  populated, and then it will be advertised to users), we have found this to be an overly  simplistic  view that diminishes the chance of project success. Constructi ng the tool prior to collecting actual content and getting users' feedback almost ensures that important user needs will be discovered late and will require much more effort to implement. Populating the content without getting user feedback leads to a high likelihood that the content will not really address user needs.More importantly, content needs to come from the user community, if the repository is to have a long-term life. We have found that for the research team to generate substantial amounts of content is a time-consuming way of recreating what many users already have at their  finger tips. Finally, engaging in outreach and building excitement in the community of potential users runs the risk of all prototyping efforts: When told how anything is possible in the final system, users often come up with many wish list features that are not really linked to their everyday needs.Moreover, users often get  frustrated  with the slow pace of progress when the system actually ha s to be implemented, and lose interest before the system is fielded. To avoid these problems, we have adopted an  incremental  approach, with content and tool development going on simultaneously and outreach activities to the user community (such as booths at major conferences, or specific User Advisory Group meetings) planned at major milestones.Although this sometimes stretches resources a bit thin, we feel this approach has enabled us to engage periodically with the user community, show them progress since the last  iteration, and get feedback on ever more mature versions of the system, with an initial body of content. LESSON 2: MAINTAIN A CONTINUOUS STREAM OF FUNDING Because of the interconnected nature of all the tasks listed above, having a stable funding stream is crucial.Requiring the team to take a  hiatus  from the project after a release is delivered leads to lost opportunities for user involvement (users find it hard to match their schedule to the development t eam's), leads to new content ideas that miss getting followed up on, may result in the loss of expertise if experienced personnel resources are in transition to other projects during the hiatus, increases the personnel learning curve encountered at restarts, and may result in flagging interest in the user community since momentum generated during outreach is lost.LESSON 3: RECOGNIZE THE RELATIVE MERITS OF CONTENT Our most important lesson learned is a direct implication of the BPCh vision: There is no such thing as a â€Å"Best Practice. † Or, to say it more diplomatically: No practice will be â€Å"best† for every project. Practices that are absolutely necessary for large, mission-critical projects may be too heavyweight for rapid prototyping or Web application development. The implications of this lesson are many.Perhaps the most important is related to the tone of the recommendations that users find: Rather than arguing as an expert that readers should be following a given practice, or else they are doing something wrong, practices should be recommended to readers on the basis that projects of certain type(s) have found it useful. That is, rather than presenting a  foregone conclusion  to users, the system should aim at respecting users' intelligence enough to enable them to draw their own conclusion, providing sufficient evidence as necessary for those decisions to be sound ones.LESSON 4: UNDERSTAND THE LIFE CYCLE OF BEST PRACTICES Practices (and practice information) are not static and have a real life cycle. Major  paradigm shifts  in the software development world can have an impact on which practices are recommended. The practices that seemed to be good fits for most projects, when a  waterfall  life cycle was the most common approach to software development, are not all equally applicable at the current time, when  iterative, spiral, and even agile approaches are probably more representative of the state-of-the-art practice .Our recommendations regarding a structured life cycle for practice information are: 1. A knowledge repository needs to be continually evolving by accepting information on topics of interest and making it available to users as soon as possible. While some quality checking is necessary to make sure that incorrect, misleading, or incomplete information is disseminated outward, it is better to get information to users as it comes in, than to wait and try to create something perfect.Users should be able to see a timestamp on all information so that they can see if the experiences related are fresh and up to date or come from years ago. 2. However, the desire to get information out quickly should not interfere with the need for validation activities that provide higher confidence in the information. These additional levels of maturity should be noted, to give users more confidence in the information they find, but should not be used as aprecondition  for displaying content. 3.Content n eeds to be retired when appropriate. Practices may have a natural lifespan, since the acquisition and development worlds continue to evolve and change on their own. Practices that were good 10 years ago may not be appropriate given today's constraints or technologies. To avoid users finding obsolete information in the repository, reports need to be generated periodically of which practices have received no updates or new experiences in the longest time. LESSON 5: APPLY AGILE STRATEGIES AND PROTOTYPINGTo create the front end of the BPCh tool, which helps users find candidate practices, explore possibilities, and get more information on practices of real interest, we have found that prototyping and agile strategies are extremely valuable for developing knowledge-management systems. Precisely because of the need for parallel activities in different tracks, and the number of  stakeholders  involved (tool developers, content gathering team, end user representatives, sponsor represent atives), an agile approach is extremely valuable.The implementation of the prototype BPCh tool was carried on in two-week increments, at the end of which a releasable version was always available. At the end of each two-week period, a demonstration and planning meeting was held with as many of the stakeholders as could be present. This approach was necessary to help us coordinate and  prioritize  the evolving expectations of the users as well as the necessary changes that were suggested by the content development team, based on what they were finding. As part of this meeting we learned the following lesson: LESSON 6: USE APPROPRIATE LANGUAGESpeak to the users in their language. Do not expect them to learn yours. We realized early on that having the greatest possible content in the BPCh repository would not be of much help if the users cannot find it. To address this we needed to provide multiple paths to the information, so that users could select the path that made the most sen se to them. Some specific lessons learned here included: 1. Organize around common tasks. The best way to reach users is to organize the contents of the repository  according to  everyday activities that the user performs.This helps users see the repository less as an additional activity that they need to make time for, and more as a value-added to the activities that already consume their time. In the case of BPCh, we added several such perspectives (i. e. , indexes to the content) based around activities of importance to different segments of the user community (e. g. , addressing  CMMI  practice areas, constructing a systems engineering strategy, and referencing back to common guidebooks). 2. Push as well as pull information.Rather than always expecting users to take time to come to browse the BPCh tool, information can be â€Å"pushed† outward to the user on a periodic basis. For example, the user could select some practices of special interest, and when new exper iences come in related to these practices a notification is sent via e-mail. 3. Match users to practices based on context similarity. Since no practice will be â€Å"best† for every project, it is important to match users to practices using context characteristics. This provides the users with a pick list of practices that may be useful in their particular situation, in ddition, it may alert the user to practices that they might not have known about previously. For example, if the user selects a few context variables that describe his/her context, then practices can be prioritized and displayed according to whether they have associated evidence provided by users with similar context information. This is a way of indicating that, even if the practice does not answer a specific search query, users like the current one have found this practice useful and it may be something the user should know. LESSON 7: DEMONSTRATE PRACTICAL EXAMPLES TO INTENDED USERTo engage in effective outr each activities, aimed at building up an interested and active community of users of the BPCh, we find the following lesson of relevance: You can not show initial users an empty  depository. In line with the idea that building a tool like the BPCh needs to proceed on three tracks in parallel (front-end, content, and outreach) is the lesson that populating the content cannot come after the repository is built. Showing users a fancy front-end without an initial set of real content may get their interest for a short time period, but is not an effective way of building an active user community.Users need to see a small but representative set of content which they can respond to and start generating ideas for the next content or tool release. LESSON 8: UPDATE CONTENT AND FUNCTIONALITY CONTINUOUSLY To keep interest engaged, when users do check back to the site they need to see that updates have been made since last time. Content needs to be continuously updated and  refreshed  to st ay abreast of trends. If users ever become convinced that the repository does not get updated on a regular basis, this often spells the end of their involvement.Rather, they need to be motivated to come back often enough to find new things and hopefully, as they progress, be motivated to submit responses and ideas of their own showing emerging trends and keeping the content relevant. Thus, user involvement tends to build more user involvement. As users become interested enough to post comments or send  new ideas  to the repository, other users will continue to be interested to show up to see which comments have been added since the last time and possibly find something of interest to their current situation–and more likely to find something applicable.One way we have experimented with–to reinforce this concept–is to list on the front page of the BPCh tool the most recently added practices and highlight ones that have been promoted to various maturity levels (Bronze, Silver, or Gold). Thus, one of the  first things  users see is an indicator of how much progress has occurred since their last visit. CONCLUSIONS This article has presented some of the lessons learned with the BPCh program, which aims to document practices and quickly disseminate them to the users. The BPCh, which is based on the EMPEROR approach, makes use of a two-dimensional rating scale.These scales provide users with a quick overview of the trustability and maturity of the stored practice records. The scales allow users to understand and to draw their own conclusions based on a set of evidence from different contexts, from research studies as well as industrial experiences, and using measures at different levels of  rigor. Practitioners can rely on this information without reading in detail through the different evidence sources, unless they are interested in the very detailed level of information.In addition, ways to collect user feedback and trigger discussions are offered to allow a vivid and growing user community. While initial feedback regarding the BPCh tool has been positive (Turner & Shull, 2005), we are continuing to improve the BPCh program and its associated tool through ongoing research, advisory groups, and user community feedback. We are interested in addressing such questions as: â€Å"How much extra effort to  certify  evidence sets and summaries as correct is worthwhile to users? † or â€Å"Are there subsets or types of evidence that users will find especially worthwhile? We invite you to take a look at our BPCh tool, available at http://bpch. dau. mil. We appreciate all feedback, whether it be submitted through the tool or directly to the authors' e-mail. ACKNOWLEDGMENTS This research was supported with funding from the U. S. Department of Defense (DoD), the  Office of the Secretary of Defense  (OSD), and the Defense Acquisition University (DAU). We wish to thank the members of the BPCh team, from DAU, FC- MD, CSC, and SSCI, for the many productive discussions that have improved this work. REFERENCES Basili, V.R, Caldiera, G. , & Rombach, H. D. (1994). Experience factory. In J. J. Marciniak (Ed. ),  Encyclopedia  of Software Engineering (Vol. 1, pp. 469-476). New York:  John Wiley  & Sons, Inc. Basili, V. , Zelkowitz, M. , McGarry, E, Page, J. , Waligora, S. , & Pajerski, R. (1995). SEL's software process improvement program. IEEE Software, 12(6), 83-87. Dangle, K. , Dwinnell, L. , Hickok, J. , ; Turner, R. (2005, May). Introducing the Department of Defense acquisition best practices clearinghouse. CrossTalk, 18(5), 4-5. Defense Acquisition University.Retrieved from http://bpch. dau. mil Delphi White Paper. (2002). Taxonomy  ; Content Classification–Market Milestone Report. Boston, MA: Delphi Group. Koennecker, A. , Jeffery, R. , & Low, G. (2000, April). Implementing an experience factory based on existing organizational knowledge. In Proceedings of the 2000  Austra lian Software Engineering Conference  (pp. 28-29), Canberra, ACT, Australia. Mendonca, M. , Seaman, C. , Basili, V. R. , & Kim, Y. M. (2001, June). A prototype experience management system for a software consulting organization.In Proceedings of the 13th  International Conference on Software Engineering  and Knowledge Engineering (SEKE). Ottawa, Canada. Schneider, K. , ; Schwinn, T. (2001, June). Maturing experience base concepts at DaimlerChrysler. Software Process-Improvement and Practice, 6(2), 85-96. Turner, R. , ; Shull, F. (2005, November). An empirical approach to best practice identification and selection: The U. S. Department of Defense acquisition best practices clearinghouse. In Proceedings of the 4th International Symposium on Empirical Software Engineering (ISESE  2005)(pp. 33-140), Noosa Heads, Australia. Mr. Raimund L. Feldmann is the technical lead for Knowledge and Experience Management at the Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Engineering, MD (FC-M D). Before he joined FC-MD in 2004, Raimund participated in several technology transfer projects in Germany and was also involved in the development of the Virtual Software Engineering Competence Center (VSEK) portal, funded by the Department of Education and Research (bmb+f) of the German Federal Government, to offer up-to-date Software Engineering knowledge to subject matter experts. E-mail address: [email  protected] umd. edu) Mrs. Michele A. Shaw is a Scientist at the Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Engineering. Michele supports clients implementing process improvement, measurement, and experience factory concepts. She has over 25 years of experience in Information Technology including software and service development, project management, quality assurance, client care and  subcontractor  management Ms Shaw holds a BS in Business from  University of Baltimore  and a masters in applied  behavioral science  from  Johns HopkinsUniversity. (E-mail address : [email  protected] edu) Dr. Forrest Shull is a senior scientist at the Fraunhofer Center for Experimental Software Engineering, MD (FC-MD). He is project manager and member of technical staff for projects with clients that have included Fujitsu, Motorola, NASA, and the U. S. Department of Defense. He has also been lead researcher on grants from the National Science Foundation, Department of Energy, Air Force Research Labs, and NASA's Office of Safety and Mission Assurance. (E-mail address: [email  protected] umd. edu)

Stillborn Babies

Still Born Babies What is stillbirth? The medical definition of a still birth is when a baby is born without any signs of life at or after 20 weeks or weighing more than 500g before labour. Death in the fetus may have occurred during pregnancy, which is intrauterine death, labour, or birth. Most still births are intrauterine. As rare as stillbirth is, it occurs once in every 160 pregnancies. What causes a stillbirth? There are a number of known causes of stillbirth. Sometimes more than one of these causes may contribute to the baby’s death essay writer reviews.Common causes include: * Birth defects: Such as Down syndrome. Others have other birth defects resulting from genetic, environmental or unknown causes. * Placental problems: Placental abruption. In this condition, the placenta peels away, partly to almost completely, from the uterine wall before delivery. It results in heavy bleeding that can threaten the life of mother and baby. Sometimes it can cause the fetus to die f rom lack of oxygen. * Poor fetal growth: Fetuses who are growing too slowly are at increased risk of stillbirth.About 40 percent of stillborn babies have poor growth. Increased risk by smoking or high blood pressure. * Infections: Infections involving the mother, fetus or placenta appear to cause about 10 to 25 percent of stillbirths. These include genital and urinary tract infections that may go undiagnosed until they cause serious complications * Chronic health conditions in the pregnant woman: About 10 percent of stillbirths are related to chronic health conditions in the mother, such as high blood pressure, diabetes, kidney diseases, and blood clotting disorders. Umbilical cord accidents: These include a knot in the cord or abnormal placement of the cord into the placenta, causing there to be a shortage of oxygen to the fetus. Other causes of stillbirth include trauma (such as car accidents), postdate pregnancy (a pregnancy that lasts longer than 42 weeks), Rh disease (an incomp atibility between the blood of mother and baby), and lack of oxygen (asphyxia) during a difficult delivery. These causes are uncommon. What are some factors that increase a mother’s chance of a stillbirth? Women 35 years old or older: As age increases, there are more risks to pregnancy and all around health. * Malnutrition: Just like us, the fetus will only survive for so long with little to no nutrition. * Inadequate prenatal care: Women who are a high risk pregnancy have to be more careful with their daily activities. Even a regular pregnancy requires rest, low stress and being aware of your surroundings. * Smoking: Cigarette smoke contains more than 4,000 chemicals, including things like cyanide, lead, and at least 60 cancer-causing compounds.When you smoke during pregnancy, that toxic brew gets into your bloodstream, the fetus’ only source of oxygen and nutrients. * Alcohol and drug abuse: Alcohol and drugs, poison the bloodstream to the fetus, it’s only sou rce of oxygen and nutrients. * African-American ethnicity: It is not known why African American women are about twice as likely as other American women to have a stillborn baby. How is fetal death diagnosed? An ultrasound can tell if the fetus has died by showing the fetus’ heartbeat. It sometimes can help explain why the fetus died.The doctor also can do some blood tests on the woman to help confirm why the fetus died. What happens after the diagnosis? After finding out that the fetus has died in the womb, the mother must go through with the birth of her stillborn. Whether the parents want to wait until labour comes naturally or if they’d like labour to be induced is their choice. Testing for the cause of the stillbirth requires permission from both parents. A specialized doctor will perform an autopsy on the baby to reveal the cause.This is mostly done to prevent a repeated stillbirth. What are the chances of a repeat stillborn? The likelihood of a recurrent stillbir th depends upon the cause of your initial stillbirth. While repeated stillbirths do happen, they are very uncommon. Even in the case of genetic defects, recurrent stillbirths are very unlikely. Bibliography 1. Babycenter. â€Å"When a baby is stillborn – BabyCenter Canada. † Pregnancy, baby and toddler health information at BabyCenter Canada – BabyCenter Canada. Babycenter, n. d. Web. . 2. March of Dimes. â€Å"Stillbirth  |  Baby  |  Loss and grief  |  March of Dimes. † Pregnancy, Baby, Prematurity, Birth Defects  |  March of Dimes. http://www. marchofdimes. com/baby/loss_stillbirth 3. â€Å"Stillbirth: Trying to Understand – American Pregnancy Association. † American Pregnancy Association – Promoting Pregnancy Wellness. National Stillbirth society, n. d. Web. 10 Apr. 2013. . 4. March of Dimes. â€Å"StillbirthA  Ã¢â‚¬â€œ Loss and grief. Pregnancy, Baby, Prematurity, Birth DefectsA  |A  March of Dimes. March Of Dimes, n. d. Web. 12 Apr. 2013. . 1. â€Å"Understanding stillbirth — diagnosis and treatment. † WebMD – Better information. Better health.. WebMD, 23 Apr. 2012. Web. 11 Apr. 2013. . 2. Epigee. org. â€Å"Pregnancy Help and Information: Stillbirth. † Epigee Pregnancy Resource. http://www. epigee. org/pregnancy/stillbirth. html (accessed April 11, 2013).

Amazon.com Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Amazon.com - Research Paper Example The success of e-business depends on how long a customer spends time in an e-business website. Amazon did everything needed to tie up the customers in their website. They have formulated different strategies to attract the net customers. Most of the internet users are youths and Amazon.com has everything needed to attract the youth customers. This paper briefly analyses the history, supply chain management process, online auction features, competitors and current market position of Amazon.com. History Amazon.com was founded by Jeff Bezos in 1994 in America† (Amazon.com, Inc). Initially it started as an online bookshop. However it expanded its business during the late 1990s and diversified its business to areas such as to offer the CDs, videos, DVDs, electronics, toys, tools, home furnishings and house wares, apparel, and kitchen gadgets etc (Amazon.com, Inc, n. d). Amazon entered the internet world in 1995 and registered as a public company in 1997. In 1998, they entered the on line music and video business and in 1999, they started to sell toys, electronics, tools, and hardware using their e-commerce website. Though the company has started as an online bookstore, currently it has products such as music CD’s, VHS, DVD, computer software, video games, electronics, apparel, furniture, food toys, etc apart from books. It has started film production also in 2008. Amazon has several websites custom made for countries like Canada, Germany, France, China, UK, Japan etc. The company did not focus on profits for the initial five years and spend much of its revenues in expansions in the initial years. This business strategy brought immense dividends to the company as per the recent statistics. Current market position   Currently Amazon.com employs more than 7800 employees and as per the statistics of 2002, it has reported $ 3.9 billion sales (Amazon.com, Inc, n. d). It is the largest online retailer at present in United States. The closest competitor Staple s Inc has only 1/3 rd of the revenues of Amazon.com as per the statistics available in 2010. As per the recent statistics, it ranked 272 in the list of Fortune 500 companies. Supply chain management process Supply Chain Management (SCM) is the process of controlling the movements of goods or services from suppliers to buyers. The efficiency of supply chain management depends on the availability of the material based on the demand. There should not be more goods in the store if the demand is less; at the same time there should be adequate number of goods always if the demand is good. Amazon has one of the most efficient, sophisticated and advanced supply chain management systems in the world. â€Å"Homemade applications handle nearly every aspect of its supply chain: warehouse management, transportation management, inbound and outbound shipping, demand forecasts, inventory planning, and more† (Bacheldor, 2004). In other words, all the aspects of supply chain management are man aged with the help of advanced software at Amazon.com. The human intervention is very less in the supply chain management process and the machines are dominating in this sector. Thus the chances of human errors which may delay the supply chain management process are very less. For example, computers and software are assisting Amazon in taking orders, processing orders and in ensuring the delivery of goods in time. Whenever, an item is purchased from

Muslim jesus Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2500 words

Muslim jesus - Essay Example In Islam, however, while Jesus is not divine, he certainly existed and was regarded a great teacher of his day. Upon examining various accounts of Jesus and his time spent on earth, it is prudent to conclude that the Muslim account of Jesus is more similar to the true account of the historical Jesus as compared to the Jesus of the Christian faith. This report will, therefore, reflect the reality that the historical Jesus can be seen as more of a zealot or criminal as opposed to a divine being, as recounted in the varied accounts of the Christian gospels of Matthew, Mark, Luke, and John. While Islamic teaching does regard Jesus as having been a human being who was a messenger of God, the Muslim faith rejects the idea that he was God, nor was he the begotten son of God. In fact, Islamic scripture teaches that anyone who believes that Jesus either God or the Son of God is Shirk. This is to mean that the individual has committed the sin of idolatry, as Islam teaching comes form the express point of view that there is only one true God, and that His prophet is Muhammed. To attach any status approaching divinity to the personhood of Jesus is simply wrong and cannot be accepted under the Islamic faith1. Muslims simply cannot reject the notion of God’s divine oneness, as that is a fundamental tenant of their faith. As such, to make the claim that the Muslim Jesus is divine would be equatable to committing an unpardonable sin. One of the arguments in the Christian faith is that Jesus is divine as represented by the concept of the Trinity. This is to say that God, Jesus the Son, and the Holy Sprit (the Essence of Jesus that has remained after His ascension to Heaven) are all divine and the same person. As such, since Jesus is part of the Trinity, Christians argue that He was and still is divine in his own right. This, again, rejected by Islamic teaching2. The Muslim perception

Revolutionary Era Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words - 1

Revolutionary Era - Essay Example The user interface of the website is quite friendly and data has been arranged under multiple headings linked to separate pages. For instance, the correlation of slavery to the constitution leading to a revolutionary war is presented in detail on a separate page. The Laughter Genealogy website contains historical material including maps, photos and articles about early North America. This website is a great source of information for researchers seeking genealogy, books and military resources. However, the complexity of website makes it hard to find an article of interest. The information ranges from recent news articles to earlier American history explorations. Little effort has been made to keep the menus simple and relevant. Additionally, the recency and authenticity of the presented information is also questionable with a number of errors corrected by audience from time to time. However, as a reference and research center, it contains various valuable historical images not availab le in many other resources. Both of these websites are providing history scholars with a very comprehensive and in-depth knowledge of American history. However, they still cannot be regarded as complete resources on American history. The controversial questions raised and discussed in Digital History website articles should be researched deeply and presented thoroughly to avoid bias and confusions among scholars.

Video Gamers Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Video Gamers - Essay Example Because the systems and new games are not usually available at bargain prices, this world is also often filled with those individuals who have a decent amount of disposable income available to them, aka young professionals. While all gamers seem to feel it’s important to solve the game’s challenge and tend to lose themselves in the action of the game sometimes to the effect of losing track of real time, different types of games attract different types of gamers (â€Å"Profile†, 2006). For example, Halo 2, Half-Life 2 and FEAR, which are first person shooter games, would be likely to attract gamers who have a high need to succeed and expect to beat the game even on their first play. Multiplayer games like Counter Strike, while still featuring similar characteristics to the games listed above, can often appeal to those individuals who enjoy a challenge and don’t mind spending the time necessary to meet it. When not able to actually be at home and involved in their particular favorite video game, gamers can often be found participating in activities that further their video game world, such as shopping for new gadgets or researching new games. Because of the nature of the video game world and the involvement of players within this world, gamers are usually not involved in many other leisure-type activities, preferring to devote their time to solving the latest game challenge or investigating the new technologies available for game development. However, gamers are not necessarily isolated individuals secretly plugging away at defeating the latest cyber enemy in the dark.

Code of Ethics paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Code of Ethics paper - Essay Example To conduct his duty, network administrator has given an authority to access the data, accounts or files of other users so they fix them when problem occurs and also keep an eye on unethical activities. Network administrator has to follow certain principles and rules that are intended to serve as a guideline for his work based on the principles of right or wrong. Privileged access to other user’s accounts, files and data has been given to network administrator to carry out specific job duties that come up with a lot of responsibility. Privileged access is used to perform only system related duties, that may include installing a system software, relocating the files of the users in case of overloading, to return a system to its normal functioning for fixing files and processes or to check programs running for security purposes. Privileged account administrators shall take necessary precautions to keep the information of users confidential while performing their duties and shall not try to misuse the personal information of the users. Network administrator can access the personal or professional information of a user connected to his network. He can cause damage to his personal life, get access to his bank accounts, abuse the sick time and so forth. At one hand, access to someone’s data is a high security risk while on other it is extremely immoral. The easiest way to consider a code moral or immoral is to implement the code against oneself. In the given scenario, a network administrator would never like to misuse his personal data by someone else. For professional matters, it is against prestige, income, and especially autonomy of the profession to misuse other’s information. On the other hand, if the data is misused it decreases the company’s value in their customer’s eye and business world which makes it a corporate code. Lastly, as far as government bodies are concerned, they have criminal laws against a person found to abuse

Action, Goals and Benefits Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Action, Goals and Benefits - Essay Example It is our most valued possession. While pursuing an education, we will certainly run into obstacles along the way. However, by having a clear vision of our goals and a well-developed habit of study we can clear any hurdles that are placed in our path. Though the pace of today's world makes an education seem difficult, it can be made easier by following some simple rules. One of the first things we realize when we begin an education is that there just doesn't seem to be enough time in the day. It's important to recognize that education is the priority. An awareness of my goals can be the best aide in setting a schedule for my activities (Managing Your Time). It may mean giving up a Sunday football game. I may have to suffer with a couple less hours of sleep now and then. Managing my time will require me to make a schedule that will take priority over most of the other events in my life. Sticking to my schedule will be easier if I concentrate on my goals and my reasons for getting an education. I hope to improve my writing skills in this class and become a better communicator. The ability to write successfully will enhance my professional opportunities as well as give me a sense of personal accomplishment. My current lifestyle and schedule is an obstacle that I need to work around. I work 12 hours a day and set aside Sunday for church. At first glance, it seems that I only have Gen 101: Action, Goals and Benefits Saturdays to study. However, I can read during my lunch breaks at work. I can set aside an hour each night dedicated to my studies. Vince Lombardi once said that hard work is the price we pay to achieve our goals (cited in Determination Quotations). I can extend my study period on Saturday by 2 hours and work in an additional 2 hours on Sunday. This will give me an additional 14 hours of study time each week. It may mean some personal sacrifice, but eventually it will become a habit and will be almost unnoticed. By applying myself to my studies and keeping to my schedule I should see considerable progress throughout the course. I expect my writing to become easier and clearer. The library will open my mind to new opportunities and interests. I expect that my schedule and study routine will become a habit that will transfer to my other courses in the future. I plan to continue my education at the University of Phoenix after I finish this course on March 7, 2007. The path to a degree will also bring about increased opportunities and positions in my employment. Aside from benefiting from an increase in salary, it will also give me greater self-esteem. Education is a continual process of self-improvement and that improvement will show in every part of my life. Whether at work, at home, or in a social situation, an education shines through and makes the whole world a little brighter. To sum it all up, my education is important to me and it is a crucial step on my path to self-improvement. This course will give me the tools to write better, read better, Gen 101: Action, Goals and Benefits study better, and develop a greater sense of personal management. Though my schedule may be packed, I can find ways to set aside the time I need to study. By keeping my goals on my mind, it's easy to make education a priority. Small sacrifices now can realize big rewards later. My plan is to focus on this program and continue to study at UOP. It will give me a greater chance for career advancement and offer me better economic opportunities. Education is the one thing you always carry with you and no one can take from you. This course is a step in acquiring that very valuable

Governance and Ethics Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

Governance and Ethics - Essay Example Business corporation managers are required to manage business activities on behalf of the owners, while governors are required to ensure that the business is managed properly. Therefore, governors are custodians of the stakeholders. As a result, companies need to disclose corporate governance issues in their annual reports and ensure that they comply with principles of corporate governance. In UK, the principles and provisions of corporate governance are provided in the UK Corporate Governance Code 2012 (Financial Reporting Council, 2014). Companies listed in FTSE need to comply with these principles and provisions, and disclose their corporate governance activities. As custodians of the shareholders’ interests, governors should behave ethically and call for managers to act ethically as well (Crane & Matten, 2010). This leads to the concept of ethical governance which involves doing the right thing in order to fulfill the interests of a wide range of stakeholders. One of the FTSE companies is Barclays Plc is a multinational corporation offering financial services in 50 countries, with core business operations in South Africa, UK, and USA. The company operates under the regulatory standards of local and global markets. It employs 132,300 people and 732 senior managers globally. The company’s profits after tax have been declining from  £4,499 in 2010 to  £845 in 2014 (Barclays Plc, 2014). This is attributed to the sovereign debt and economic crisis that affected European countries since 2011. The economy is now in recovery and is expected to improve. In its annual report, Barclays discloses information about its corporate governance, stakeholders and ethics. This report provides an analysis of the corporate governance and ethics of Barclays Bank using the company’s annual report of 2014 and other research information about the company that is relevant to the concept of corporate governance and ethics.

Analysis and implications for practice of quantitative research report Essay

Analysis and implications for practice of quantitative research report - Essay Example This work, hence, aims at analyzing the theory use in qualitative approaches in research as applied in qualitative end-of-life studies. Qualitative end-of-life studies are reviewed in order to illustrate theory application to the designs and findings of the study Purpose of the Study As nurse researchers turn theory in order to gain guide investigations and conceptualize research problems, the application of such theory lacks consensus and consistency because qualitative research, in such a case, rarely articulate with the theory. Therefore, an analysis of this report is very significant to nursing because it will be applied by nurses’ researchers to improve their qualitative research and hence ensure consensus and consistency. On the other hand, nurses will learn to articulate application of qualitative research with theory thus improving their designs and findings. ... Finally, nurse researchers apply theory into approaches of qualitative research in end-of-life studies. Study Variables The dependent variables in the study are theory, and end-of-life, while the independent variable is qualitative research. Conceptual Model / Theoretical Framework Theory and research are characterized in many ways, in regard to their relationships. Research and theory have mutual effects, that is research problems and questions are conceptualized by theory. On the other hand, research can either support or reject theory. Studies that incorporate the link between theory and research are more effective, theory linked research, unlike theory isolated research. Therefore, in this study, theoretical framework is used to conceptualize, conceptual model, research problems and questions so as to develop, test and refine the theory, as applies in qualitative research to address end-of-life studies. Review of Related Literature The reviewed literature supports the needs of th is study in various ways. First, reviewed literature has been used to outline the relationship between theory and qualitative research. Fawcett (1998) says that the relationship between theory and qualitative research resembles that of a double helix DNA molecule. That is, they are interdependent. On the other hand, Polit & Beck (2006) describes their relationship as reciprocal. Review of literature has also been used to give definition of theory and qualitative research. Fawcett (1999) says that authors should clearly define the terms they use clearly because many researchers and theorists use theoretical framework, theory and conceptual framework to mean the same thing. Polit & Beck however say

Poetry and Worldly Wealth Essay Example for Free

Poetry and Worldly Wealth Essay Andrew Lang describes the truth about money and what it meant to people in the 1800s and 1900s. He uses repetition to clearly explain his ideas. Lang believes that money could either be good or it could be evil, I guess it all depends in how you use it and appreciate it. The people in this poem are priests, soldiers, captains etc. The main idea is about how some and most people only do things for money. The â€Å"Ballad of Worldly Wealth,† is a depiction of how money can bring pride and corruption into our society. The form of this poem is a ballad. A ballads contents include 3 stanzas, at least 8 lines in each stanza, and a refrain (a repeated phrase at the end point of a poem) a refrain in example of the Ballad of Worldly Wealth is â€Å"Youth, and health, and Paradise† The author used artificial imagery to characterize money as both a staple in society, and as the icon of the worlds power and corruption. There is several rhetoric patterns found in the poem. The rhyme pattern is an End rhyme. Poems with end rhyme are those whose last word of every line ends with a word that rhymes, for example: â€Å"While the tides shall ebb and (flow); Money maketh Evil (show)† Flow and show are two separate words, however both have rhyming sounds. Also displayed is parallel construction, a sentence, idea or clause that is presented with an opposing idea. In this statement, â€Å"Money moves the merchants all, While the tides shall ebb and flow; Money maketh Evil show, Like the Good, and Truth like lies† it can be seen that the opposition is of that money is what makes the world go round. However money also creates greed, and makes the people see the money as a good thing, when really its all a lie.

Lack of parental interaction

Lack of parental interaction Zafi is the eldest child and he has two younger siblings. He was an average student in primary school with no discipline problems. When he was 11 years old, his father passed away. After the death of his father, his mother holds two jobs to make ends meet. His mother relies on him to take care of his two younger siblings as she is always not at home. Currently in secondary two, his academic result is very poor. In class, he would keep to himself and would shy away from classroom activities. He would sometimes cheat in tests and exams. The reasons he gave for cheating are, not having the ability to do it and he does not want his classmates to think that he is stupid. His form teacher tried many times to meet his mother to discuss about his cheating behaviour and poor academic performance but she is always busy with her work. After school, Zafi would meet up with his neighbourhood friends. Most of them are drop outs. They constantly told him to quit school and to enjoy life just like t hem. Zafi enjoys spending time with them as he thought they understand him best. They would also smoke and drink alcohol. He would only return home very late at night or not at all. Zafis father had passed away and his mother is too busy working to support the family. There is almost no interaction between Zafi and his mother and there is no other important adult to supervise him at home. In short, the parental involvement is almost non-existent. Using Bronfenbrenner Bioecological Theory and Baumrind Parenting Style Theory, I would relate how Zafis parental interactions and parenting style affects his context of development. Bronfenbrenner Bioecological Theory According to Bronfenbrenner, the lack of parental interaction is the most destructive force to a childs development. [1] Urie Bronfenbrenner says that there are two environmental conditions that are necessary for human development. The first is that one or more adults must love the child unconditionally; the second is that the adults must encourage the child and spend time doing joint activities with the child in and out of the home environment. [2] Zafis mother loves him unconditionally but she is too busy to show it and she is also unable to spend time with any of her children. Therefore, the two important conditions are not met. Bronfenbrenner also developed a Bioecological Theory to explain how the childs environments can significantly influence his cognitive development and his growth. The theory consists of 4 systems nested around each other with the child being in the innermost. The 4 systems developed by Bronfenbrenner are: microsystem, mesosystem, exosystem, and macrosystem. [3] The microsystem is where a child has direct interactions with parents, teachers, peers and others. In Zafis case, he has very little interaction with his mother and he spends most of his time with his neighbourhood friends. Too little interactions with his mother causes a break down in his microsystem and the bad influence he is getting from his neighbourhood friends is not helping in his positive growth and development. The second level is the mesosystem. Mesosystem are linkages between microsystems such as between a childs teacher and his parents, and relationships between students and peers. His teacher tried many times to c reate a linkage with his mother but failed due to her busy work schedule. This contributes to a break down in his mesosystem. The third level is the exosystem. Exosystem are external experiences in which a child does not have an active role but still influence the childs developments. In this case, his mothers busy work schedule is the exosystem. Her two jobs require her to work long hours and irregular shifts. This resulted in her having very little face time with her children. The last level is the macrosystem. Macrosystem consists of things that influence and sometimes support the child such as cultures, norms, and laws. The break down in his microsystem will affect the other systems as it disabled him to explore other parts of his environment. Without the presence of proper supervision or love, Zafi will try looking for attention in inappropriate places. These behaviours will give rise to problems such as little self discipline and no self direction. Neglectful Parenting According to Diana Baumrind, parenting styles come in three main forms; authoritarian parenting, authoritative parenting, and indulgent parenting. Eleanor Maccoby and John Martin expanded BaumrindHYPERLINK http://www.law-of-attraction-parenting.com/baumrind-parenting-style.htmlHYPERLINK http://www.law-of-attraction-parenting.com/baumrind-parenting-style.htmls research and added another parenting style, Neglectful or Uninvolved Parenting (Maccoby Martin, 1983). [4] The degree of supervision and discipline shown by Zafis mother is minimal, and there is no consequence for unacceptable behaviour. She does not deliberately encourage Zafi to self regulate his behaviour and there is very little communication between them. These are the characteristics of neglectful parenting. Even though she fulfills her children basic needs such as food and clothing, sadly, she is detached from their life. She is also psychologically unavailable to her children. Neglectful parenting style rank lowest acro ss all life domains. Children with neglectful parents tend to lack self-control, have low self-esteem and are less competent than their peers. They often engage in high-risk behaviours and are vulnerable to substance abuse. [5] Interventions Bronfenbrenner said that to ensure healthy child development, one or more adults must love the child unconditionally and they must spend time doing joint activities with the child in and out of the home environment. However, in Zafis case, this is not possible for his mother. What she could have done to increase the level of interaction with her son is by communicating with him more through the phone. During her short breaks at work, she could have called her son to ask about his day at school, find out whether he has eaten and to also provide psychological and emotional support in case his son is upset over a school event such as a failed test. This way, the child knows his mother cares for him and he can also feel his mothers love and affection. She should also try to take at least a day off weekly to spend valuable face time with her children. If it is not possible, she should ask her parents for help in taking care of her children while she is at work. There must be at least one adult present at home so that the child would not feel neglected. As for the teacher, he needs to be flexible to adjust to the parents inflexible work schedule. If meeting with the parent in person is not possible, he should at least keep in close contact with the parent through the phone and to update her about her sons learning progress and behaviour. In doing so, he is successful in creating a linkage with the parent. Once there is a linkage, it will be much easier for both teacher and parent to work together to ensure the childs healthy development. The teacher can also educate parents about the developmental needs of children. Research indicates that family involvement in schools increases student achievement (Henderson Berla, 1994). [6] The benefits of parent and family involvement include higher test scores and grades, better attendance, more completion of homework and more positive attitudes and behavior. Next, I would relate how Zafis parental interactions and parenting style affects his self and identity development. Self-Esteem Children look to parents and other important adults for evidence that theyre smart, capable, etc. This evidence may be in the form of encouragement, praise for accomplishments, awards, etc. If the evidence is not present, low self-esteem develops. [7] This explains why neglectful parenting results in children with low self-esteem. Low self-esteem can have a big negative impact on academic performance. Once a child does poorly in school, he will start to think poorly of himself and it may cause him to underachieve or make him give up completely. Children with low self-esteem tend to be lonely in school as they find it hard to make new friends. They would shy away from classroom activities as they do not want to appear incompetent. Resisting negative pressures would also seem difficult for these children. [8] Looking at Zafis case, it is obvious that he is suffering from low self-esteem. He is doing very poorly in school and at home he never gets the encouragement he needs to make him feel better. He is also not motivated to study as no matter how well he performs, his mother is not there to praise or acknowledge his accomplishments. In class, he is afraid to get involve in classroom activities and he constantly keeps to himself. He is also not able to resist negative pressures from his neighbourhood friends. As he spends more time with them, he developed a sense of belonging towards them and this sense makes him want to be like them. Interventions It is important that teachers look out for and help students who are suffering from low self-esteem as it can affect their academic performance and also their overall well-being. Teachers should be paying more attention to students like Zafi. They tend to have low self-esteem due to the lack of attention, love and affection. Students with low self-esteem will say things like, I know that I will fail or I hate myself. They tend to avoid getting involved in new activities and would have trouble making new friends and mixing around. Stresses faced at home such as parents arguing a lot and difficult lessons can have a negative impact on a childs self esteem. Some of the things that teachers can do to improve students self-esteem are, to always accentuate the positive, avoid criticism, set realistic expectations for the students and give them the opportunity to tell the class things they like about themselves. Those with very low self-esteem will have problem with even saying two things t hey like about themselves therefore, the teacher have to provide prompts for these students. Eriksons Psychosocial Development Theory Erik Erikson highlighted the importance of relationships with others in the formation of ones own identity. He believed that personality develops through eight stages of life. He suggested that at each stage of life an individual is confronted by a crisis (Erikson, 1950). At this age, Zafi is going through stage 5 crisis of Eriksons Psychosocial Development Theory which is Identity versus Role Confusion. In this stage, adolescents struggle to resolve the question of Who am I? They move from their parents to peers as a point of references. They strive to clarify their own personalities. They are often observed to imitate the attitudes and actions of others they admire. In Zafis case, his neighbourhood friends are his only point of reference. As he respects and admires them, he chose to imitate their attitudes and actions. He would smoke and drink alcohol with them till late at night. Interventions In Identity versus Role Confusion stage, adolescents will move to peers as a point of reference. As Zafi is not close to anyone else in school, he is left with no choice but to see his neighbourhood friends as references. What can be done by the teacher is to introduce buddy system to pair up low self-esteem student such as Zafi with a higher self-esteem one. The higher self-esteem student may be able to help Zafi with his studies and thus increasing his confidence and self-esteem. Zafi may look up to his buddy as his role model and thus imitate him instead of his neighbourhood peers. The teacher should also provide plenty of opportunities for students to explore identity issues as they relate to understanding who they are as individuals. An activity such as making a collage about themselves or writing their autobiography is a good way for them to explore themselves. The teacher can also enhance students self esteem by encouraging the students to substitute negative self-statements with a positive one. Lastly, I would relate how Zafis parenting style affects his moral development. His mother neglectful parenting style resulted in him lacking self-control, having low self-esteem and feeling less competent compared to his peers. His low self-esteem caused him to have low self-confidence which led him to believe that he does not have the ability to pass his examinations. As he does not want his classmates to think that he is stupid, he decided to cheat in his tests and examinations. Kohlbergs Stages of Moral Development The reason why Zafi cheated is based on self-interests. From his reasoning, his moral development is in Level 1: Preconventional Reasoning; Stage 1: Punishment-Obedience, of Kohlbergs stages of moral development. His reasoning is characterised by a focus on the consequence experienced by him as a result of his actions. Interventions To minimize cheating, teachers should clearly spell out the consequences of cheating and to consistently follow through with these when cheating does occur. Teachers can also help students overcome the need to cheat by providing the student with extra help and reducing student anxiety. Student anxiety can be reduced by emphasizing that mistakes are okay and a part of learning.

Spray Paint Art: History and Origins

Spray Paint Art: History and Origins Would you consider yourself artistic? You may think that you cannot draw anything, but being artistic does not mean that you have to be able to pick up a pencil and draw a masterpiece. According to Dictionary.com, the term artist means a person whose work exhibits exceptional skill. Being said, professional athletes have exceptional skill, highly paid actors and actresses have exceptional skill, surgeon doctors are exceptionally skilled at what they do, because they have gone to school and are skilled to do so. Being skilled at anything is a kind of art, because you are passionate about the project or process of learning how to do it. Anyone can be an artist, and I will help you figure out how you can become one easily. In this introduction, you will explore the world of spray paint and how to correctly take advantage of this art. Have you ever wondered how certain things are made, or who invented certain objects? Ed Seymour of Sycamore, Illinois, founded his company The Seymour of Sycamore in 1949, and also discovered a novelty spray gun to demonstrate an aluminum paint that would be able to be used to paint on steam radiators. In a nutshell, he was the inventor of spray paint. The origin of spray paint continued with Seymours idea. Seymours humble creation skyrocketed after people understood how to use it, and he started making more and personalizing his equipment, and enlarged his trade. In 2010, the U.S. spray paint manufacturers produced 412 million cans, stated Hilary Greenbaum. Now, Seymour Paint makes spray paint, automotive paint, and industrial paints. With each type of object that you can paint, there is a category of different types of paints for a certain object, like in the automotive, there is paint for farm equipment, eighteen wheelers, and of course primers for the objects (Seymour Does Spray Paint, Automotive Paint Industrial Paint). The origin of aerosol paints goes back to the early eighteenth century. In France, pressurized carbonated beverages were introduced and in 1837, a man by the name of Perpigna invented the valve that provided for an easier way of filling your cup (Weide). That is where the concept of aerosol came from. As early as 1862, aerosol technology was being incorporated into metal cans for the first time, but they were far too large and bulky to be of any practical use (Weide). In 1927 a Norwegian engineer by the name of Erik Rotheim patented the first aerosol can and valve that could hold products and dispense them with the use of propellants (Weide). In 1947, a 27 year old name Robert H. Abplanalp invented the last part of the valve which is called the crimp. The crimp lets you remove, and replace the nozzles on the cans, so now you can control where you are spraying (Weide). While industrial spray painting relies on special air compressions that break the paint particles into a fine mist, commercial spray paints are self contained aerosol cans that use liquefied gasses to atomize the paint (How Products Are Made). The Krylon Company is gearing future marketing efforts innew areas. One product line is aimed toward women and children with paints that offer bright new colors, enhanced washability, and a new fresh fragrance (How Products Are Made). The majority of people who do not know about art, think that graffiti and spray paint art are the same, but they are not. Kelly Bryant writes, Graffiti and Street Art are not the same thing. While graffiti artists only work with spray paint and pride themselves on knowing their way around a can of the stuff, street artists use other media to create their pieces. Graffiti artists aim for visibility to impress others within their community, not for the likes of you. While graffiti artists place their work in public, generally speaking they are not interested in the public understanding their work; they want to speak to other graffiti artists. Street artists want everyone to view and be engaged by their work. They are trying to make a statement, says Jill C. Weisberg. Before you start your masterpiece, there needs to be some ground rules. What materials do you need? Which spray paint brand should I use? Can I paint on any surfaces? How do I correctly hold the can? Easily, these things will come in handy and you will know everything about this art and you yourself can teach other people. Brainstorm! Ask yourself, what should I paint? Having a picture in mind is very beneficial, because you know what you want to do. Make sure you have these materials with you or you can get them easily at your local hardware store. Spray paint is essential, obviously. Some of these materials are optional like a hair cap or a apron, but a lot of people use posterboard, knives or scrapers, newspaper or magazines, lids or bowls, and rubber gloves (you dont want paint all over your hands). If you are questioning what kind of brand to use, here is a list of the top fifteen spray paint brands. It starts with Montana, then MTN follows at second, Belton/Molotow, Ironlak, Rustoleum, Fresh Paint, Kilz, Sabotaz, Class/Beat, Flame, Evolve, All City, Kobra, Plutonium, and lastly, Krylon (Complex). When you are about ready to paint, first you need to know what surfaces you can actually paint on. Most people paint on paper or posterboard, but you can also paint on wood furniture, upholstery, ceramics, fabric-as in curtains, and metal (Burger). Techniques are important. The best way to start out is to warm up your paint. Also make sure that you do not use primer if you are painting on a posterboard. Clear the tips of your valve, and do not mix your paints together. Always start out with white and do not change direction of the way you are spraying. Use stencil tricks, use truck bed liner. Do not use clear coat on dry paint. Lastly, Do NOT blow yourself up (YouTube)! Spray paint is flammable and it can be dangerous. So make sure you keep it away from a flame or high pressure. Irritation of the eyes may occur as well as the nose, throat and respretory tract. You may also get some visual disturbances, headaches, nausea, lightheadedness, dizziness, fatigue, loss of coordination, and memory impairment (Falcon). Now, the moment that you all have been waiting for: How to paint an amazing space scene. Get out the object that you want to paint on. For this example, I will be using normal posterboard. Choose the colors that you want, then spray them on the posterboard. Making the pattern is essential, and can determine your finished product. Make the sky, usually you would use darker colors like black or blue. Make the stars with your fingers, by spraying white paint onto your pointer finger, then flicking the paint onto the painting, in spots where you think that the stars should go. Finally, you can reveal your planets (Suzll). The masterpiece is complete and stunning. From start to finish, being an artist does not require a lot of work or skill. When you are ready, you can certainly become one easily, and efficiently, you just have to know how to be guided correctly and use your skill to the fullest ability that you can. Show off your skills, so that one day, you may get paid exceptionally and be more talented than you thought that you were. Works Cited Artist. Dictionary.com. Dictionary.com, N.d. Web. 15 Feb. 2017. The Inventor of Aerosol Spray Paint. Seymour of Sycamore. 2017. Web. 9 Feb. 2017. Greenbaum, Hilary, Rubinstein, Dana. The Origin of Spray Paint. The New York Times Magazine.  4 Nov. 2011. Web. 9 Feb. 2017. Seymour Does Spray Paint, Automotive Paint Industrial Paint. Seymour of Sycamore. N.p.,  2017. Web. 16 Feb. 2017. Weide, Robert. How and Object Became an Object and a Subculture. Objects, Consumption  and Desire. N.d. Web. 9 Feb. 2017. (2-3,5) How Products Are Made. Advameg, (Inc.), 2017. Web. 12 Feb. 2017. Bryant, Kelly. 12 Things You Probably Didnt Know About Street Art. Mental Floss (Inc.), 2016.  3 Feb. 2015. Web. 9 Feb. 2017. Weisberg, Jill C. The Difference Between Street Art and Graffiti. Schrift Fabre Design Group.  16 May. Web. 12 Feb. 2017. What Is The Best Spray Paint Art Supplies. Spray Paint Art. 7 July 2013. Web. 10 Feb. 2017. Copmlex. The 15 Best Spray Paint Brands Available In America. Complex Media (Inc.), 4 Jun.  2012. Web. 12 Feb. 2017. Burger, Jenna. 5 Surfaces To Spray Paint. Jenna Burger Design. 5 March 2015. Web. 10 Feb.  2017. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=UKzyZVHvP1c. Designs, Commando. Top 10 Spray Paint  Tricks HD. YouTube. 25 April 2015. Web. 10 Feb. 2017. Falcon, Delialah. The Dangers of Paint Fumes. IAC Publishing, LLC. 7 May 2016. Web. 10 Feb.  2017. Suzll. How To Paint An Amazing Space Scene. Autodesk (Inc.), 2016. Web. 12 Feb. 2017.

Dave Barry: The Evolution of a Creative Genius :: Writer Writing Humor Papers

Dave Barry: The Evolution of a Creative Genius Humor, as a creative effort, has been respected throughout the world, I’m sure, since the beginning of spoken language. There is nothing in the world like conjuring up a joke or some other anecdote that sends a group of people off into a fit of laughter. In fact, throughout time, people have attempted to make humor at least some part of their professional career. Court jesters made the royalty of the castle laugh at his foolish behavior. Playwrights have included humor in their tragic works to provide some comedic relief from all of the terribly sad events. Today is no different. The sheer number of careers available for those interested in making people laugh for a living reflects our society’s great appreciation for novel humor. Comedians, book writers, columnists, actors, television and movie writers, cartoonists, and musicians all attempt to add some laughter to peoples’ lives on a daily basis. Dave Barry, as a creative humor writer, has proven himself quite successful in the field. As a humorist, he has created in many different fields of humor, his products including a number of very successful books, a weekly column syndicated in several prominent newspapers across the country, and even a musical band. Barry has proven himself a master, and debatably, a maker, in the verbal/linguistic domain of Gardner’s intelligences. His intelligences span beyond that, however, and include proficiency in both the visual/spatial and musical domains. At the present time, Dave Barry is at the pinnacle of his career, enjoying the sweet success of creating something truly novel that millions of people can enjoy every day. The growing-up and maturation process Barry has gone through over the course of his young, and adult life reflects the transformations in Gardner’s intelligences he has experienced. The relationship between child and adult creator, the relationship between Barry and others in his field, and the relationship between him and his work have all changed in meaning over the course of his life, as reflected by the profound changes he has undergone over the course of his life. Growing Up Dave Barry was born in 1947, to a middle class working family in the small town of Armonk, New York.

Politics and the Media Essay -- Media Politics Political History Essay

Politics and the Media It is a reasonable expectation that the media will gather the facts and report the news fairly, accurately and responsibly. The American public relies on the media for a great deal of its information. "The role of the press in American politics has become a major source of discussion and controversy in recent years" (Davis, 1). The question raised in this paper is, "Does the media present the news fairly, accurately, and completely?" The short answer is no, the long answer will be examined throughout the following essay. This essay will examine the media and its influence and effects on politics and government. "Publick Occurrences" was the first newspaper to appear in colonial America. This publication begins the history of the media and its effects on politics and government in America. The paper was struck down soon after being published and its publishers arrested. Without the protection of the First Amendment, newspapers had little chance of survival; especially if they were critical of established authority. The first successfully published American newspaper came almost fifteen years later in 1704. It was entitled the "Boston News-Letter". Several other papers came into circulation in colonial America and just before the Revolution there were twenty-four papers in circulation. Articles in colonial newspapers were a major source of political pressure in shifting public opinion from reconciliation with England to complete political independence. Thus began the history of the media influence in America and its effects on American government and politics. The number of printed newspapers in America continued to grow and by the end of the Revolution there were approximately forty-three newspapers available to the public. They played an important role, informing the public, in the political affairs of the young nation. In 1791 the Bill of Rights was passed securing the freedom of the press. Protected by the First Amendment, American newspapers played an important and influential function in local and national politics. Newspapers were originally a luxury only enjoyed by the wealthy and the literate minority. It was during the era of Jacksonian democracy, the 1830's, that newspapers became more widespread. This resulted from the invention of the "Penny Press." It was now possible to sell newspapers for one cent a copy... ...e facts and report the news fairly, accurately and responsibly. It concludes with the assertion that although the media report the news it is not always fair and accurate. Yellow journalism, the Nixon-Kennedy debates, and advocacy journalism (broadcasting) demonstrate that the influence the media have on government and public opinion. In a democracy any attempt to regulate the influence of the media will conflict with the constitutional protection of the First Amendment. The antidote for an overly influential media is an educated public. Works Cited Coulter, Ann. "Ann Coulter on Liberal Bias in the Media." Interview with Katie Couric. Today. NBC. WNBC, New York. 26 June 1994. Davis, Richard. The Press and American Politics. New York: Longman, 1992. Graber, Doris A. Media Power in Politics. Washington D.C.: Congressional Quarterly Inc., 1990. Goldberg, Bernard. Bias. Washington D.C.: Regnery Publishing Inc., 2002 Kelly, Michael. "The Myth of Media Fairness." New York Post 21 Dec. 2002: 17. Streitmatter, Rodger. Mightier than the Sword. Colorado: Westview Press, 1997. White, Theodore H. The Making of the President 1960. New York: Antheneum Publishers, 1961.

The Splendid Little War :: essays papers

The Splendid Little War February 15th, 1898, all is quiet in Havana Harbor. The crew of the USS Maine is sound asleep less a few solitary watchmen. The brackish sea air and the calm ocean breeze are soothing and peaceful. This would hardly suggest the terror about to erupt on this â€Å"peaceful† visit to the Spanish-controlled Cuban harbor. At 9:45PM, a violent explosion rips the Maine apart sending it plummeting down to the muddy sea floor and killing nearly all of her crew. All of the Spanish boats in the harbor rushed to the aid of the American vessel and its survivors: the commander, Captain Charles D. Sigsbee, and a few lucky crewmembers. Even though Captain Sigsbee, a favorite of the Naval Department, urged President McKinley not to react in an aggressive manner toward Spain, the media, namely New York newspaper editors Pulitzer and Hearst, already inflating current issues relating to the Cuban revolution, spin the incident out of control. The American public goes mad with suspicion of Spanish fowl play and the sinking of the USS Maine serves as the immediate catalyst to the Spanish-American war. This â€Å"Splendid Little War† is deeply rooted in Spain’s rule over Cuba as a colony infringing upon American interests in Cuban agriculture and goods. The first episodes of war-like acts between the U.S. and Spain began with the explosion of the USS Maine in 1898. After the catastrophe, many attempts to solve the mystery behind the explosion and withhold peace took place, including the ambassadors of England, Germany, France, Italy, Austria, Russia, and the Pope appealing to president McKinley for peace. Despite numerous efforts against it, McKinley asks congress for war April 11, 1898 and U.S. troops mobilized on April 16. The Teller amendment passes through Congress stating that the U.S. would not annex Cuba. Congress declares Cuba independent on April 19. Shortly after the United States Navy blockades Cuba the first Spanish ship was taken. By April 25, both Spain and the U.S. declare war. The Spanish-American War was an extremely quick war, highlighted in history by Theodore Roosevelt and his Rough Riders in the battle of San Juan Hill. Spain was completely stomped. On the way to capture the Philippine Islands, Spain’s most worthwhile colony U.S. Naval forces also capture Guam. Closer to home, the U.

Describe the “Sharp Differences” Dividing the Leadership of the Revolutionary Generation. Essay

In January of 1790, Hamilton submitted a financial plan to Congress in order to help the country with its debt. James Madison, leader of the southern congressmen did not like Madison’s ideas and he blocked approval of the plan. Hamilton sought help Jefferson to help him with his problem. Jefferson arranged dinner with Hamilton, Madison and himself to discuss the issue. However the three men disagreed upon many things. They had different ideas and methods on how to fix the economy, how many people should have economic power, and contributions to society. Read Also:Â  Descriptive Narrative Essay Topics Hamilton believed that for the economy to grow, economic development had to be created and managed. He wanted to collect resources located all around North America and sell them to make a profit. Moving all these resources around would require management at a national level. Both Madison and Jefferson disagreed with Hamilton’s idea. Doing this would cost money and the country would be losing money instead of making a profit. They believed that the economy should recover and grow on its own. Hamilton thought putting economic power in fewer hands was necessary for the economy to grow. Madison believed the power should be dispersed and then checked by different interest groups. Hamilton was convinced that if the power was spread out, money would just be money. If it were concentrated on a only a few people, the money would be worth more. Hamilton had more of an economic way of thinking. Madison, however, saw things in a more political way. Hamilton saw certain people to be contri butors to America. These people were those who handled money such as merchants and bankers. Hamilton would use their skill to serve the public interest. Both Madison and Jefferson disagreed with him. These people make no real contribution to American society. They considered land to be a main contributor to capital. Thomas Jefferson, Alexander Hamilton and James Madison all wanted to help their country. They were faced with a massive amount of debt and it was their main priority to fix their economy. While their goal was the same, the way they tried to approached was different. Their methods of fixing the economy was completely opposite of each other. Hamilton’s economic mind set and Madison’s and Jefferson’s political way of thinking contradicted each other. This made it difficult for them to see eye to eye in order to rectify the national debt the country faced.

Corona Beer Ad Analyze

More than a Corona What do you imagine when you hear Corona beer? Usually it’s that same image of the commercial taking place on a perfect beach. What would a beer have to with a beach, that’s isolated and pretty much perfect? Corona is selling it’s beer by selling a dream with it; and it’s working. The typical Corona commercial we see on television has basic elements that are present in all of them. These basic elements are a beach, with crystal clear water, flawless sand, isolation, and of course a cold Corona beer. In a particular Corona commercial that I had analyzed goes like this, it starts with the signature beach, that’s completely isolated, with calm crystal clear water, and sand that is so clean you can eat off of it. Next it starts to zoom out and the Corona beer comes into the picture between a young woman bathing in the sun and a man skipping rocks along the water, while the man is skipping the rocks his phone begins to ring. He is about to go for another rock but grabs his phone and then there is a slight pause, he then skips the phone along the water like the rocks. The woman then brushes her hair back with her hand and continues to just relax and be attractive. Then the commercial ends with its signature slogan, â€Å" Relax Responsibly†, on the bottom. What the ordinary person doesn’t know is that all of these components are used to hook the customer and it works almost every time. Through Jib Fowles, â€Å"Advertising’s Fifteen Basic Appeals†, we learn of the aspects that attract the average consumer to buy products, which are the Fifteen basic appeals. Fowles suggests that advertisers incorporate desires and needs of the consumers into the advertisements; these desires and needs that captivate the viewer or the consumer are part of Fowles Fifteen basic appeals (73-74). The most obvious appeals in the Corona commercial that I analyzed are the needs for autonomy, to escape, and for aesthetic sensations; there is also a small hint of the need for sex. Starting with the more apparent ones we will look at autonomy first. According to Fowles the need for autonomy is projected by â€Å"the need to endorse the self. The focus here is upon the independence and integrity of the individual†(82). What Fowles is getting at here is that the consumers like the idea of independence and keeping themselves up on there own two feet. This is connected with the Corona commercial by the actions of the man. The man is on the beach he gets a phone call an average person would pick up the phone. But in fact this man goes against social standards and rebelling against what should be done. He’s deviating from the world and standing alone by doing what he wants to do. What he wants to do is drop all responsibility and not conform to societies beliefs of all work and no play. Next we look at the need for escape. We can all imagine that place of escape and the Corona commercial exemplifies this paradise that is isolated and away from other people. It’s just you, the beautiful beach, and your Corona beer. What more could you ask for when your away from the world? From the commercial there is a sense of escape from responsibility when the man tosses the phone away. You also see the man’s need to escape by the fact that he’s on the beach by himself with just his lady. The final dominant appeal is the need for aesthetic sensations. Watching the commercial with the image of paradise, a beautiful woman, and a cold Corona there’s a feeling of perfection. It gives the viewer this extreme satisfaction that through a Corona this is all possible. This picture perfect view captures the consumers and leaves an imprint of perfection in their minds. Humans like things that are nice to view. If it’s nice to view they want to encounter it more and have it. Finally in this commercial there is a slight hint of the need for sex. The woman on the side is a symbol of sex in the commercial. Her very slight movement and presence gives a feeling and need for sex because a man and a woman isolated alone on a flawless beach gives that sexual sense. Even though sex is not so evident it is still signaled. So why all these appeals and mind games in order to sell a beer? Well the average consumer thinks when they buy a product they are buying just the tangible product that they picked up in the store. But the truth is they’re being sold something much more. Along with that pair of shoes you’re buying the advertisement’s life. What I mean by the advertisement’s life is the qualities and desires portrayed in the advertisement. In fact, when you buy a Corona you’re also buying a lifestyle in paradise. Advertisers tap into our deepest desires in order to take us away from practicality and to make their sell. Along with that Corona beer we’re being sold independence, escape, imprinted image of paradise in our minds, and a little bit of sex. Chuck Blore, a partner in the advertising firm Chuck Blore & Don Ruchman, Inc. had said â€Å"Advertising is the art of arresting the human intelligence just long enough to get money from it. † Advertisements have the ability to make you stop thinking with your brain but more with your desires. With this ability to put our desires on a poster or television screen we are led to believe that with that product we can achieve our dreams and desires. It’s more than just a beer that Corona advertisements are selling. They are selling a lifestyle where there are no responsibilities except to relax. Corona makes us believe that with just a six- pack of cold Corona we are transported in to a lifestyle where you have a private beach, a babe right next to you, no hint of the modern world, and no worries. This is exactly what advertisers want their consumers to think. If an advertiser is able to tap into the desires of consumers through advertisements, they have pretty much caught the consumer in a never-ending cycle. Like in Corona’s case, every time I see a Corona I think of that perfect beach and a captivating woman next to me. Corona was successful in tapping into my desires and now I feel that with a Corona I can be in paradise. Advertisers are very tapped into our desires and can influence what we buy and what we like. Like with the Corona commercial, if we buy Corona we can live a life free from social binds and have a perfect life. This desire, the perfect life, can be simply achieved by buying that six- pack of Corona beer. Corona isn’t just selling their beer but a dream that is highly unlikely with the idea â€Å"Relax Responsibly†. Works Cited â€Å"Corona Beer – Dumping Your Cellphone – 2009 Commercial. † Youtube. 28 Sept. 2009. Web. 14 Feb. 2010. Fowles, Jib. â€Å"Advertising’s Fifteen Basic Appeals. † Common Culture. 6th ed. Ed. Michael Petracca and Madeleine Sorapure. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson Education, Inc. , 2009. 71-88. Print. Shah, Anup. â€Å"Media and Advertising. † Global Issues. 26 Jan. 2008. Web. 20

Kinetic Chemistry

The name of the course: Kinetic Chemistry The student name : Wejdan Mohammed Al-Otaibi Teacher name :Razan SnariGroup namber :1The year : 2017/2018Spectrophotometry: is a device to measure the amount of light in the material used. This device consists of two parts: the first is the light source, and the second is the photometer . the work principle of this device : the liquid or material that we want to measure the elements inside is placed in a tub, this tube is then placed between the light source and the photometer . so that the amount of light passing through the sample is measured by photometer. When a photometer is exposed to light, it acquires or generates an electrical signal that changes with the amount of light absorbed by the liquid . this change in light absorption depends on the change in the concentration of the substance. the way work this device: this device it measures the absorption of light by liquid materials at different wavelengths, and thus can identify a number of unknown substances or calculate known concentrations of materials . 22288507372350 Stepped flow Technique:is a rapid mixing device, to study the kinetics of quick chemical reactions in solutions . this device contains two reactants which are kept in separate reservoirs and are prevented from flowing freely . the interaction starts by installing the reactants in the device. these materials are then released to the mixing chamber, which mixes these interacting materials , the reaction is then monitored by observing the change in the absorption of the reaction solution . When the reaction progresses, it fills the â€Å"stop syringe† that expands until it reaches the point at which the interaction reaches a continuous flow , thus stopping flow or interaction27527257162800Sodium reacts strongly and quickly with water and produces a solution of sodium hydroxide and hydrogen gas, a colorless solution. During the reaction sodium can be heated and It may ignite and burn with an orange flame . Hydrogen gas released during the combustion process reacts with oxygen in the air . the resulting solution is basic because of the melting of sodium in the water. this interaction between sodium and water is an exothermic reaction. sodium reaction with water is the closest to explosion. Na +2 H2O ?2 NaOH + H2. This search used this interaction and because it is fast, it uses the stepped-flow techniques method to control it Rate=-d[Na]dt=-12d[H2O]dt=12d[NaOH]dt+d[H2]dt Reverences:Physical chemistry for the life sciences –Thomas EngelCompendium of Chemical TerminologyPhysical chemistry for the life sciences-Peter Atkins , Julio De PaulaAdvances in standards and methodology in spectrophotometry ,K.D.Mielen

Primitive Art Essay

The class discussions of primitive art by Franz Boas and the readings that we as a class have done was about an the artistic values of primitive people on how they do different art, baskets, rugs, totem poles , sculptures and other works of art that are primitive. The materials took symmetrical designs to its finest point and the work was done with a high degree of human equilibrium. Arts of primitive people have a close relationship between morals and sufficiency of artistic development. The California Indians produce and practice these examples of form and texture. The women are the most artistic and creative among the California Indians while the men have skills with wood work. The Pueblo Indians of southern United States have villages that have the most intricate works of artistic designs on their potteries. The women in these villages are the most productive artists among the Pueblos. The men in these villages are devoted mostly to ceremonies and don’t really have knowledge in artistic expressions. In some households, slovenly work are hard to find in there works of art. The control and technique are expressively correlated in rawhide boxes that are made and practiced by the Sauk and Fox Indians of Oklahoma. The raw hide boxes have perfect symmetrical designs and folded in places to make works of art precise. Other examples are the leggings made by natives of British Columbia which bears decorations and unit. The fringes have long pieces of curried skin cut in narrow strips and decorated in rhythmic order. Other cases are twilled weavings which have excellent form and are perfectly even on the surface. These objects are considered works of art and finished in some ways that their forms have artistic value. Some other characteristics of decorative art have distinctive fields which can also be compared to a pottery. Pouches of American Indians have flaps that are treated as separate units. In moccasins, the upper part form a field separate from the rim and in clothing the sleeves, collars, pockets are considered separate units. These are some examples of art and that the fundamental, esthetic, formal interest is essential. Art in simple form are not really expressive of purposive action therefore they are based upon reaction to form that develop through technique. When art is created, people may recognize and study the impulse and the finished product teaches the conceited efforts to have a major skill in a difficult task. To communicate an idea graphically cannot be claimed as art. The tonal beauty and rhythmic structures of form is works of art. The combination of form and its content gives representative art an emotional value that is entirely different from formal esthetic effect. In primitive, symbolic representation the permanent traits appear the same way and other forms of symbolic representation are also utilized. Representative art could be and generally is an influential technical form, but in many cases it is not easily recognized. The art of primitive people have two components that are eminent in which one is based on form alone and the other is filled with meaning. The significance creates an enhanced esthetic value which takes into account the associative connections of art that is made or the artistic act. The forms are expressive that they must be representative, not necessarily representative of perceptible objects, but more or less theoretical ideas. The tribal arts all over the world have ornaments that appear purely formal and are associated with meanings and stories. Symbolism in art has characteristic and traits that associate with the apex and form of content in primitive art. A general similarity of form exists between the purely conventional and the realistic forms, in which the designs contain realistic images which are geometrical and move aimlessly in zigzag bands. Symbols are put on rugs, baskets, potteries, moccasins, leggings and drums. Symbols have geographical meaning and it relates to the universe as such. Symbols could also tell stories of due process of natives in their livelihoods and cultures. In some cases the symbols have to associate with forms that could be used in rituals and these forms of symbols would be blessed and therefore giving a certain person protection. Indians of North America use straight lines and rectangles that appear in diverse combinations and one of the typical forms is the isosceles triangle with enclosed rectangles. These forms are mostly found on the Great Plains Indians and among the pueblo Indians. The Symmetry, rhythm, and affirmation or attribution of form which doesn’t describe an absolute style, for they underlie all forms of decorative art. Many formal elements are integral parts of every art style and these give it its most specific character. The examples of the polished stone axes, chipped arrow or lance heads, iron spear heads, utensils and anything that has to do with the daily uses of people. These forms we recognize as imaginations of works of art that is done in perfect technique. The differences in style are not the rules, but are more commonly the most highly developed art likely to impose on style of different industries that is associated with the mat weaving and basketry that have been influential in developing new forms and powerful an dignified in other fields. There are different styles with different techniques With Natives from the tip of South America to far edges of North America. Some have pictorial designs, geometrical designs and the pottery paintings have different styles of patterns. The primitive art around the hemisphere could have in common the esthetic pleasures felt by members of society. The works of art maybe diverse in its beauty, yet the general characters of the enjoyment of beauty are forever sound in society. In art we should let our imaginations soar to the point of oblivion and through this we can hear the songs of artistic dances. Admire and take in the beauty of decorative and ornamental art, work, paintings or sculptures of natives across America and around the world. The works of art could be appealed by the different forms of making art through the eyes of a person’s imagination and give them esthetic values. Even a person in the very middle of conflict or poverty could create a work of art that gives esthetic pleasure. To these people the innovations of bountiful nature and inventions has granted them freedom from care and through this they devout much of their energy to the creation of works of beauty. Art can be made from a sense of smell, taste and touch and with every rhythmical movement of the body or objects that appeal to the eyes. The tonal speeches which please the ears can produce artistic effects along with the muscular variations of the body could prove to be art. These are the esthetic values of and artistic mind and Mother Nature also plays a role in works of art.